Committed to the First Amendment and OUR Freedom of Speech since 2008
ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION - Birthright Citizenship
This use of the bracketed "[or]" is fully justified when this statement is read in the light of the Civil Rights Act, which explicitly excludes foreigners (and aliens) from birth-right citizenship, an exclusion that was authorized by an overwhelming majority of the same Cong
ress that approved the citizenship clause of the 14th Amendment. The many statements in the debate by supporters of the citizenship clause support this conclusion. [Erler, cont'd]
III. BIRTHRIGHT CITIZENSHIP: SHOULD IT APPLY TO THE CHILDREN BORN TO ILLEGAL ALIENS?
Citizenship must be considered in the context of some absolutes, as articulated in the Constitution:
(1) A sovereign nation has the authority to control immigration and to determine and to ascertain who is entering the country, as well as to establish guidelines and laws as to WHO can enter the country. Article I, Section 8 articulates this as one of the core and primary functions of the general, or federal, government. The Immigration & Naturalization Act outlines the law related to the function of immigration and naturalization, and it also outlines where authority is delegated to the President.
(2) Government power is shared or divided, whichever way you choose to look at it, between the States and the federal government. The government was created to serve the States and to aid them in their ability to work together in the form of a Union; the government power delegated to it is clear and can be summed up in general terms: to regulate commerce, to regulate immigration and naturalization, to establish a uniform system of currency, to act as a common agent for the states on the international stage and with Indian tribes, and to establish a common army and navy to keep the states safe and secure and to make sure essential federal laws are enforced. The functions of the federal government were intended to affect the states, to assist them in their sovereign responsibilities; they were not intended to reach inside the states to regulate their people. It was to be the States themselves who would be responsibility to legislate for the benefit and service for their people. All government power not expressly delegated to the federal government by the Constitution is reserved to the States, or to the people. This is the division of power, the basis for our "federal" system, restated by the Tenth Amendment. ("The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.") Legally and historically speaking, certain functions have been reserved to the States, and these have been summed up by the term "state police powers." A state's police powers includes the right to legislate (regulate) "for the health, safety, welfare, and morality" of its people. Typical state functions include legislation related to education, voting, health, law enforcement, property and zoning/land use, marriage, professional certifications.
Keeping that explanation in mind, people live or reside in states, except for the District of Columbia, of course and other US territories. No one can be a United States citizen who is not first a citizen of a state and therefore a responsibility of such state. Because the federal government serves the interests of the States, if the States understand Section 1 of the 14th Amendment to require individuals to be "subject to the jurisdiction" of the United States" (ie, the special protections of citizenship offered by the US Constitution), then that is what the 14th Amendment MUST mean. If States do NOT want the magnet of automatic citizenship (and hence, chain migration) for those who come here illegally (as well as the burden on the state associated with it), then that is the lens through which the 14th Amendment must be viewed and interpreted.
(3) It is important to recognize and understand the significance of a constitution, and particularly of our Constitution. As Thomas Paine explained: "A constitution is not the act of a government, but of a people constituting a government; and government without a constitution is power without a right. All power exercised over a nation, must have some beginning. It must be either delegated, or assumed. There are not other sources. All delegated power is trust, and all assumed power is usurpation. Time does not alter the nature and quality of either." (Rights of Man, 1791-1792) The key point is that the Constitution is the People's document - the rightful and legal members of the society we call the United States of America. It embodies the People's and the States' intent and NOT government's intent.
(4). Section 1 of the 14th Amendment reads: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." Most people understand, and even the Supreme Court has agreed in prior opinions, that non-citizens are not entitled to the protections provided by our Constitution. (They are entitled to be have their inalienable rights respected, of course, but the rights of citizenship are only available to those who can rightfully and legally be citizens).
(5) The cases regarding the citizenship of those born on US soil (ie, "birthright citizenship") have only involved those parents who were here in the country legally. The Supreme Court has never addressed the question of birthright citizenship to the child of someone who has intentionally entered the US illegally. Some advocates for birthright citizenship for those of illegal immigrants point to the 1898 case of United States v. Wong Kim Ark, but that case merely held that a child born on US soil to parents who were lawfully, permanent (legally, "domiciled") residents was a citizen. The parents who gave birth had a legal reason for being in the United States; they had "permission." Because the United States has laws governing the entrance of foreigners and aliens into our country, for the purposes of the Citizenship Clause and birthright citizenship, it should be assumed that birthright citizenship applies when the mother has arrived here legally. As Mark Levin would say: "A person can't self-emigrate." There are laws - immigration laws.
(6) When the 14th Amendment was introduced and ratified, the country didn't have an illegal immigration problem
(7) In no sane, rational world can an element of the Rule of Law (here the "Citizenship Clause") be taken to reward, and even encourage, the breaking of the needful and essential laws of the United States.
(8) In two cases, the US Supreme Court has decided that the Citizenship Clause's term "subject to the jurisdiction thereof" (ie, the jurisdiction of the United States - ie, subject to the full extend of its laws) means subject to the English common law doctrine of "allegiance." In the more crucial case, United States v. Wong Kim Ark, the "allegiance" rationale was central to the holding.
The best way to determine what "subject to the jurisdiction thereof" was intended to mean would be to uncover evidence that state legislatures ratifying the 14th Amendment understood "subject to the jurisdiction thereof" to exclude illegal aliens ("invaders") and their children. It is the understanding of, or meaning to, the ratifiers, moreso than the intent of the drafters, that carries most weight in constitutional questions. Commentary from the Congressional debates is certainly helpful evidence of meaning, but relying on it entirely would be foolish. It's only half the puzzle. Commentary from the debates in the state ratifying conventions carry far more weight because that evidenced the "meeting of the minds" - the understanding - by those who agree to be bound by the amendment. In some cases, the meaning as evidenced by the Congressional record is the same as the understanding of the states; yet, sometimes the states read the amendment differently or foresee how it can be enlarged or abused and seek to limit its application in their conventions. The question is whether illegal aliens are a group of people that the US is willing to concede are entitled to any benefits or protections under our Constitution and our laws (subject to our jurisdiction"). We know illegals go through great lengths to evade our jurisdiction. We know illegals are treated differently by our laws than ordinary legal citizens (they are allowed to continue breaking our laws, for one). We know sanctuary cities provide safe zones for illegal aliens to live without legal US status (no such "safe" zones exist for legal citizens to break laws).
(9) Why should the evaders of our laws be then able to claim the protections OF our law? Why should we interpret the 14th Amendment to reward those who intentionally break and evade our laws? It wouldn't make sense. It would fly in the face of the very meaning and intent of "sovereignty" and of our "Rule of Law."
(10) It is not a straightforward assumption that a child of illegal aliens, if born in the United States, is automatically, at the moment of birth, subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. The criminality of the mother, or the parents, is imputed to the newborn. "But for" analysis supports this conclusion. "But for" the criminality of the parents, the baby would not have been born in the United States.
Should the newborn child be considered independent of the parents? Certainly not. In no situation is a newborn considered anything other than a responsibility of the parents. It has no free will, no thought, no sense of independence.
(11) The 14th Amendment was never legally or legitimately passed. Refer to the Appendix. [See David Lawrence, "There Is No 14th Amendment!", Sept. 27, 1957; https://www.constitution.org/14ll/no14th.htm and Douglas H. Bryant, "Unorthodox and Paradox: Revisiting the Fourteenth Amendment," Alabama Law Review, Vol. 53, 2:555. Referenced at: https://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2053/Issue%202/Bryant.pdf. Bryant's article is included at the end of this article, in the Appendix]
IV. CONCLUSION:
Birthright citizenship is currently a policy whereby the children of illegal aliens born within the geographical limits of the U.S. have been automatically entitled to American citizenship. Trump, correctly, says it is a great magnet for illegal immigration. Today it is the magnet for illegal Hispanics. Tomorrow it may be the magnet for Islamic radicals.
Democrats, open-border activist groups, and others on the left, as well as other critics of Trump's believe that this policy is an explicit command of the Constitution, embraced by the 14th Amendment and consistent with the British common-law system (see Appendix). As Edward Erler writes: "This is simply not true."
- 2018 (Carolina Clinic) (2)
References:
Mark Levin, "Birthright Citizenship," Mark Levin Show (October 30, 2018) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vefyjFcbiNU
John Eastman, "Birthright Citizenship is Not Actually in the Constitution," NY Times, December 22, 2015. Referenced at: https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2015/08/24/should-birthright-citizenship-be-abolished/birthright-citizenship-is-not-actually-in-the-constitution
David Lawrence, "There Is No 14th Amendment!", U.S. News & World Report, September 27, 1957; posted in The Constitution Society. Referenced at: https://www.constitution.org/14ll/no14th.htm
Epps, Garrett (2010) "The Citizenship Clause: A "Legislative History", American University Law Review: Vol. 60: Iss. 2, Article 2. Referenced at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/aulr/vol60/iss2/2 OR:
https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1607&context=aulr
Rob Nateson, "An Objective Guide to Birthright Citizenship," Tenth Amendment Center, August 31, 2015. Referenced at: https://tenthamendmentcenter.com/2015/08/31/an-objective-guide-to-birthright-citizenship/
Maggs, Gregory E., "A Critical Guide to Using the Legislative History Of The Fourteenth Amendment to Determine The Amendment's Original Meaning (2017). A Critical Guide to Using the Legislative History of the Fourteenth Amendment to Determine the Amendment's Original Meaning," 49 Conn. L. Rev. 1069 (2017); GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper No. 2017-77; GWU Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2017-77. Referenced at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3068014
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857), Cornell Law Library - https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/60/393
Dred Scott, Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott
Douglas H. Bryant, "Unorthodox and Paradox: Revisiting the Fourteenth Amendment," Alabama Law Review, Vol. 53, 2:555. Referenced at: https://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2053/Issue%202/Bryant.pdf
Congressional Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. (1866), 2768-2769 (Sen. Wade).
Gregory E. Maggs, "A Critical Guide to Using the Legislative History Of The Fourteenth Amendment to Determine The Amendment's Original Meaning," 49 Conn. L. Rev. 1069 (2017). Referenced at: https://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2572&context=faculty_publications
Edward J. Erler, "Trump's Critics Are Wrong About the 14th Amendment and Birthright Citizenship," National Review, August 19, 2015 (but re-printed in 2018). Referenced at: https://www.nationalreview.com/2015/08/birthright-citizenship-not-mandated-by-constitution/
Go Back
ress that approved the citizenship clause of the 14th Amendment. The many statements in the debate by supporters of the citizenship clause support this conclusion. [Erler, cont'd]
III. BIRTHRIGHT CITIZENSHIP: SHOULD IT APPLY TO THE CHILDREN BORN TO ILLEGAL ALIENS?
Citizenship must be considered in the context of some absolutes, as articulated in the Constitution:
(1) A sovereign nation has the authority to control immigration and to determine and to ascertain who is entering the country, as well as to establish guidelines and laws as to WHO can enter the country. Article I, Section 8 articulates this as one of the core and primary functions of the general, or federal, government. The Immigration & Naturalization Act outlines the law related to the function of immigration and naturalization, and it also outlines where authority is delegated to the President.
(2) Government power is shared or divided, whichever way you choose to look at it, between the States and the federal government. The government was created to serve the States and to aid them in their ability to work together in the form of a Union; the government power delegated to it is clear and can be summed up in general terms: to regulate commerce, to regulate immigration and naturalization, to establish a uniform system of currency, to act as a common agent for the states on the international stage and with Indian tribes, and to establish a common army and navy to keep the states safe and secure and to make sure essential federal laws are enforced. The functions of the federal government were intended to affect the states, to assist them in their sovereign responsibilities; they were not intended to reach inside the states to regulate their people. It was to be the States themselves who would be responsibility to legislate for the benefit and service for their people. All government power not expressly delegated to the federal government by the Constitution is reserved to the States, or to the people. This is the division of power, the basis for our "federal" system, restated by the Tenth Amendment. ("The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.") Legally and historically speaking, certain functions have been reserved to the States, and these have been summed up by the term "state police powers." A state's police powers includes the right to legislate (regulate) "for the health, safety, welfare, and morality" of its people. Typical state functions include legislation related to education, voting, health, law enforcement, property and zoning/land use, marriage, professional certifications.
Keeping that explanation in mind, people live or reside in states, except for the District of Columbia, of course and other US territories. No one can be a United States citizen who is not first a citizen of a state and therefore a responsibility of such state. Because the federal government serves the interests of the States, if the States understand Section 1 of the 14th Amendment to require individuals to be "subject to the jurisdiction" of the United States" (ie, the special protections of citizenship offered by the US Constitution), then that is what the 14th Amendment MUST mean. If States do NOT want the magnet of automatic citizenship (and hence, chain migration) for those who come here illegally (as well as the burden on the state associated with it), then that is the lens through which the 14th Amendment must be viewed and interpreted.
(3) It is important to recognize and understand the significance of a constitution, and particularly of our Constitution. As Thomas Paine explained: "A constitution is not the act of a government, but of a people constituting a government; and government without a constitution is power without a right. All power exercised over a nation, must have some beginning. It must be either delegated, or assumed. There are not other sources. All delegated power is trust, and all assumed power is usurpation. Time does not alter the nature and quality of either." (Rights of Man, 1791-1792) The key point is that the Constitution is the People's document - the rightful and legal members of the society we call the United States of America. It embodies the People's and the States' intent and NOT government's intent.
(4). Section 1 of the 14th Amendment reads: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." Most people understand, and even the Supreme Court has agreed in prior opinions, that non-citizens are not entitled to the protections provided by our Constitution. (They are entitled to be have their inalienable rights respected, of course, but the rights of citizenship are only available to those who can rightfully and legally be citizens).
(5) The cases regarding the citizenship of those born on US soil (ie, "birthright citizenship") have only involved those parents who were here in the country legally. The Supreme Court has never addressed the question of birthright citizenship to the child of someone who has intentionally entered the US illegally. Some advocates for birthright citizenship for those of illegal immigrants point to the 1898 case of United States v. Wong Kim Ark, but that case merely held that a child born on US soil to parents who were lawfully, permanent (legally, "domiciled") residents was a citizen. The parents who gave birth had a legal reason for being in the United States; they had "permission." Because the United States has laws governing the entrance of foreigners and aliens into our country, for the purposes of the Citizenship Clause and birthright citizenship, it should be assumed that birthright citizenship applies when the mother has arrived here legally. As Mark Levin would say: "A person can't self-emigrate." There are laws - immigration laws.
(6) When the 14th Amendment was introduced and ratified, the country didn't have an illegal immigration problem
(7) In no sane, rational world can an element of the Rule of Law (here the "Citizenship Clause") be taken to reward, and even encourage, the breaking of the needful and essential laws of the United States.
(8) In two cases, the US Supreme Court has decided that the Citizenship Clause's term "subject to the jurisdiction thereof" (ie, the jurisdiction of the United States - ie, subject to the full extend of its laws) means subject to the English common law doctrine of "allegiance." In the more crucial case, United States v. Wong Kim Ark, the "allegiance" rationale was central to the holding.
The best way to determine what "subject to the jurisdiction thereof" was intended to mean would be to uncover evidence that state legislatures ratifying the 14th Amendment understood "subject to the jurisdiction thereof" to exclude illegal aliens ("invaders") and their children. It is the understanding of, or meaning to, the ratifiers, moreso than the intent of the drafters, that carries most weight in constitutional questions. Commentary from the Congressional debates is certainly helpful evidence of meaning, but relying on it entirely would be foolish. It's only half the puzzle. Commentary from the debates in the state ratifying conventions carry far more weight because that evidenced the "meeting of the minds" - the understanding - by those who agree to be bound by the amendment. In some cases, the meaning as evidenced by the Congressional record is the same as the understanding of the states; yet, sometimes the states read the amendment differently or foresee how it can be enlarged or abused and seek to limit its application in their conventions. The question is whether illegal aliens are a group of people that the US is willing to concede are entitled to any benefits or protections under our Constitution and our laws (subject to our jurisdiction"). We know illegals go through great lengths to evade our jurisdiction. We know illegals are treated differently by our laws than ordinary legal citizens (they are allowed to continue breaking our laws, for one). We know sanctuary cities provide safe zones for illegal aliens to live without legal US status (no such "safe" zones exist for legal citizens to break laws).
(9) Why should the evaders of our laws be then able to claim the protections OF our law? Why should we interpret the 14th Amendment to reward those who intentionally break and evade our laws? It wouldn't make sense. It would fly in the face of the very meaning and intent of "sovereignty" and of our "Rule of Law."
(10) It is not a straightforward assumption that a child of illegal aliens, if born in the United States, is automatically, at the moment of birth, subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. The criminality of the mother, or the parents, is imputed to the newborn. "But for" analysis supports this conclusion. "But for" the criminality of the parents, the baby would not have been born in the United States.
Should the newborn child be considered independent of the parents? Certainly not. In no situation is a newborn considered anything other than a responsibility of the parents. It has no free will, no thought, no sense of independence.
(11) The 14th Amendment was never legally or legitimately passed. Refer to the Appendix. [See David Lawrence, "There Is No 14th Amendment!", Sept. 27, 1957; https://www.constitution.org/14ll/no14th.htm and Douglas H. Bryant, "Unorthodox and Paradox: Revisiting the Fourteenth Amendment," Alabama Law Review, Vol. 53, 2:555. Referenced at: https://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2053/Issue%202/Bryant.pdf. Bryant's article is included at the end of this article, in the Appendix]
IV. CONCLUSION:
Birthright citizenship is currently a policy whereby the children of illegal aliens born within the geographical limits of the U.S. have been automatically entitled to American citizenship. Trump, correctly, says it is a great magnet for illegal immigration. Today it is the magnet for illegal Hispanics. Tomorrow it may be the magnet for Islamic radicals.
Democrats, open-border activist groups, and others on the left, as well as other critics of Trump's believe that this policy is an explicit command of the Constitution, embraced by the 14th Amendment and consistent with the British common-law system (see Appendix). As Edward Erler writes: "This is simply not true."
- 2018 (Carolina Clinic) (2)
References:
Mark Levin, "Birthright Citizenship," Mark Levin Show (October 30, 2018) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vefyjFcbiNU
John Eastman, "Birthright Citizenship is Not Actually in the Constitution," NY Times, December 22, 2015. Referenced at: https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2015/08/24/should-birthright-citizenship-be-abolished/birthright-citizenship-is-not-actually-in-the-constitution
David Lawrence, "There Is No 14th Amendment!", U.S. News & World Report, September 27, 1957; posted in The Constitution Society. Referenced at: https://www.constitution.org/14ll/no14th.htm
Epps, Garrett (2010) "The Citizenship Clause: A "Legislative History", American University Law Review: Vol. 60: Iss. 2, Article 2. Referenced at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/aulr/vol60/iss2/2 OR:
https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1607&context=aulr
Rob Nateson, "An Objective Guide to Birthright Citizenship," Tenth Amendment Center, August 31, 2015. Referenced at: https://tenthamendmentcenter.com/2015/08/31/an-objective-guide-to-birthright-citizenship/
Maggs, Gregory E., "A Critical Guide to Using the Legislative History Of The Fourteenth Amendment to Determine The Amendment's Original Meaning (2017). A Critical Guide to Using the Legislative History of the Fourteenth Amendment to Determine the Amendment's Original Meaning," 49 Conn. L. Rev. 1069 (2017); GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper No. 2017-77; GWU Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2017-77. Referenced at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3068014
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857), Cornell Law Library - https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/60/393
Dred Scott, Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott
Douglas H. Bryant, "Unorthodox and Paradox: Revisiting the Fourteenth Amendment," Alabama Law Review, Vol. 53, 2:555. Referenced at: https://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2053/Issue%202/Bryant.pdf
Congressional Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. (1866), 2768-2769 (Sen. Wade).
Gregory E. Maggs, "A Critical Guide to Using the Legislative History Of The Fourteenth Amendment to Determine The Amendment's Original Meaning," 49 Conn. L. Rev. 1069 (2017). Referenced at: https://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2572&context=faculty_publications
Edward J. Erler, "Trump's Critics Are Wrong About the 14th Amendment and Birthright Citizenship," National Review, August 19, 2015 (but re-printed in 2018). Referenced at: https://www.nationalreview.com/2015/08/birthright-citizenship-not-mandated-by-constitution/
Comments
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You probably can play yourself in chess, and still remain in a state of perpetual suspense.
This whole DID premise is truly humorous. You got me laughing. |
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I am fully capable of holding two contradictory ideas in my mind at the same time. Some would call that Dissociative identity disorder (DID), which is a mental disorder characterized by at least two distinct and relatively enduring personality states. I prefer to note that Superman also had DID.
I often engage in Mental Gymnastics both with myself and others for no other reason than to keep my cognitive ability within some semblance of rational thought. Sometimes I fail and sometimes I only confuse myself and others. Losing an argument with others is not nearly as defeating as losing one with yourself. I continue to fight for Truth, Justice, and the American Way. |
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Wonderful analysis Bobby Tony with a great tinge of self introspection.
Congress and American presidents have been asleep at the switch ever sense the North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement was ratified over two decades ago. |
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I grant that I am way outside my boundary of understanding, however after reading your article several times, I reduced it to at least one fundamental dilemma in my mind.
Below is excerpt from the article. ----"So, while the Court seemed to recognize that there were problems with the 14th Amendment's ratification, it decided that Article V questions are non-justiciable political questions. It seems that whenever the Congress and the Secretary of State proclaim an amendment to be ratified, that proclamation is binding on the Court and "would not be subject to review by the courts."---- Without going through the thorough analysis that you have made in the excellent article, I have always assumed that the Southern States that Succeeded were outside the Union and required reunification (reconstruction) to be readmitted. I guess I would fall into the Scenario B: Constitutional Secession. I also have operated under the belief that to the victor go the spoils. In your article the concept of "the grasp of war," may describe my feelings. The penance of losing is unleashed by victors on the defeated. The shame of this entire endeavor is the fundamental flaw that existed within states could not be alleviated without the blood shed of people who operated under the banner of Blind Patriotism to either the State or the Union or perhaps even just their way of life. In any event, you have shaken my cocoon of smugness with your offering various points and counter points on our system of government. Another extract: ----"The ratification story of the 14th Amendment, which shows the irregular and likely unconstitutional process by which it has been declared part of our Constitution, demonstrates that a major cornerstone of constitutional law is placed on a shaky and uneasy foundation. Un- fortunately, although one may wish to remedy the constitutional wrongs committed during its ratification, it is apparent that this cornerstone amendment should be left in place, lest the entire house of higher law as we know it should come toppling down. It is not too late, however, to shore up the foundation of constitutional jurisprudence. Congress and the states should re-propose and ratify the 14th Amendment, and thereby ensure the principles of equal protection and due process which the Amendment guarantees. "---- It seem that the whole issue of self-governing falls on the basic principle of "acceptance of the application of the rule of law!" Our current arguments rest on this "uneasy foundation" that we can accept something that we do not agree with and attempt to make changes through the PRESCRIBED REMEDY, even if we don't always agree on what the "PRESCRIBED REMEDY IS!" Thank you for your analysis and explanation. I will continue to digest this since my aging mind is hampered by a certain lack of concentration and reinforced by a "Hardening of the Attitudes" that comes with age and biases. |
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I later found out I did not know if I was on foot (pawn) or horseback (knight)! The game ended when the Bishop said. “GO TO JAIL: Go directly to Jail. Do not pass Go. Do not collect $200."